Electronic components are the basic components of electronic circuits, including various electronic components and components, used to build complete electronic systems. Simply put, the basic parts used to make or assemble electronic machines can be called components. Components are independent individuals in electronic circuits. Common electronic components include: capacitors, resistors, diodes, triodes, field effect transistors, integrated circuits, relays, sensors, electronic display devices, power supplies, etc...
Electronic components can be divided into active components and passive components according to their functions and structures.
Active components refer to components that can amplify electrical signals, oscillate, control current or energy distribution and other active functions, and even perform data operations and processing when energy is supplied.
Active components include various formats of transistors, integrated circuits, image tubes and displays, etc.
In contrast, passive components refer to - they cannot stimulate, amplify, oscillate, etc. the electrical signal. The response to the electrical signal is passive compliance, and the electrical signal passes through the electronic component according to its original basic characteristics.
Common capacitors, resistors, inductors, etc. are passive components
(1) Integrated circuit
Integrated circuits, abbreviated as IC, also referred to as Chips, are miniature electronic devices or components that use special processes to interconnect the transistors, capacitors, resistors and other components and wiring required in the circuit, making them in a small piece Or several small semiconductor wafers or dielectric substrates, and then packaged in a tube shell to become a microstructure with the required circuit functions; all the components in it have structurally formed a whole, making electronic components move towards miniaturization and low power. A big step forward in terms of consumption, intelligence and high reliability
Integrated circuits have the advantages of small size, light weight, few lead wires and soldering points, long life, high reliability, good performance, etc. At the same time, they are low cost and easy to mass produce. It is not only widely used in industrial and personal consumer electronic equipment such as cassette recorders, TV series, computers, etc.; it is also widely used in military, communications, remote control radar, etc.
With the development of new energy vehicles, the application of integrated circuits in the automotive field is also very common.
According to their different functions and structures, they can be divided into three categories: analog integrated circuits, digital integrated circuits and digital/analog hybrid integrated circuits.
Analog integrated circuit: also known as linear circuit, used to produce, amplify and process various analog signals (signals whose amplitude changes with time, such as audio signals from semiconductor radios, tape signals from VCR, etc.), input and output signals are ratio
Digital integrated circuits: used to produce, amplify and process various digital signals (referring to signals with discrete values in time and amplitude, such as digital cameras, computer CPUs, digital TV logic control and playback audio signals and video signals)
Operational amplifiers, analog multipliers, phase-locked loops, power management chips, etc. are all digital integrated circuits
Mainly including logic devices, memory and microprocessors. Logic devices are integrated circuits that perform logical calculations; memory is a memory component used to store programs and various data information; microprocessors can complete operations such as fetching instructions, executing instructions, and exchanging information with external memories and logic devices.
(2) Transistor
Generally refers to all single components based on semiconductor materials, including diodes, transistors, field effect transistors, etc. made of various semiconductor materials... Transistors can be packaged independently or in a very small area, which can accommodate 100 million or more as part of a crystal integrated circuit
Because of their fast response and high accuracy, transistors are used in a wide variety of digital and analog functions, including amplification, switching, voltage regulation, signal modulation, and oscillators.
The transistor is one of the most critical components of modern electrical appliances. It can be mass-produced at extremely low unit cost and is widely used. It is the basic building block that regulates the operation of computers, mobile phones and all other modern electronic circuits.
① Classification of transistors
Transistors generally refer to many semiconductor devices, including many types, so they also have many different classification methods.
Transistors can be divided into silicon material transistors and germanium material transistors according to the materials used.
According to different polarities, they can be divided into NPN transistors and PNP transistors.
According to different structures and manufacturing processes, they can be divided into diffusion transistors, alloy transistors and planar transistors.
It can also be divided into different types according to different current capacities, different operating frequencies, different packaging structures, etc.
But transistors mostly refer to transistors, which are mainly divided into bipolar transistors (BJT) and field effect transistors (FET).
As a semiconductor device, the core working principle of a transistor involves the control of current. A transistor is similar to an electronic switch, which can turn on or off the current in a very short time. The transistor has three basic areas: emitter area, base area, and collector area. , these areas correspond to three electrodes: emitter, base and collector. Transistors are divided into NPN type and PNP type. The difference between these two types lies in the polarity of current-voltage.
Taking the NPN transistor as an example, when the base-emitter reaches a certain voltage (about 0.7V), the transistor turns on, allowing current to flow from the collector to the emitter. The working principle between the base and the emitter is similar. For a diode, it has a forward voltage. When the transistor is turned off, there is no current flowing through the base-emitter, and there is no current between the collector-emitter.
The transistor can also be used as an amplifier, in this mode it can be anywhere between "fully on" and "fully off", meaning that a small signal can control the transistor, producing a larger copy of the signal, thereby achieving amplification
In addition, field-effect transistors (FETs) work differently from bipolar transistors. FETs control current by controlling the voltage between the gate and the source, rather than by controlling the current between the base and the emitter.
(3) Capacitor
Two conductors close to each other with a non-conductive insulating medium sandwiched between them form a capacitor. When a power source is applied between the two plates of the capacitor, the positive plate will collect positive charges, while the negative plate will leave a large amount of negative charges, forming an electric field, thereby storing electrical energy. The larger the capacity of the capacitor, the more charge it can store
The main functions of capacitors include filtering, coupling, resonance, compensation, charging and discharging, energy storage, DC isolation, etc.
In the field of electronics, capacitors are indispensable components and are widely used in various circuits. It is used in the tuning circuit of the transistor radio, as well as the coupling circuit and bypass circuit of the color TV series.
With the rapid development of electronic information technology, digital electronic products are being updated faster and faster. The sales of consumer electronic products, mainly flat-panel TVs (LCD and PDP), notebook computers, digital cameras and other products, continue to grow, driving the capacitor demand. industry growth
In recent years, with the rapid development of new energy, rail transit and other industries, the demand for capacitor products will further increase, and the scope of product applications will also continue to expand.
Capacitors are mainly divided into: tantalum electrolytic capacitors, aluminum electrolytic capacitors, film capacitors, ceramic capacitors, etc...
(4) Resistor
A resistor is a current-limiting component. It is made of resistive material and has a certain structural form. It is a two-terminal electronic component that can limit the flow of current in a circuit. Those whose resistance cannot be changed are called fixed resistors, and those whose resistance is variable are called potentiometers or variable resistors.
An ideal resistor is linear, that is, the instantaneous current through the resistor is proportional to the applied instantaneous voltage. Some special resistors, such as thermistors, variable voltage resistors and sensitive components, have a non-linear relationship between voltage and current.
Resistors are one of the most widely used components in electronic circuits. They are usually formed into different series according to power and resistance value for selection in circuit design. Resistors are mainly used in circuits to regulate and stabilize current and voltage. They can be used as shunts and voltage dividers, and can also be used as circuit matching loads. According to the circuit requirements, it can also be used for negative feedback or positive feedback of the amplifier circuit, voltage-current conversion, voltage or current protection element when input overload, and can also be formed into an RC circuit as oscillation, filtering, bypass, differentiation, integration and time constant. Components, etc.
(5) Inductor
Various coils wound with insulated wires are called inductors, which are passive components that can convert electrical energy into magnetic energy and store it.
The structure of an inductor is similar to that of a transformer, but it has only one winding. An inductor has a certain inductance, it only prevents changes in current
If there is no current flowing through the inductor, it prevents current from flowing through it; if there is current flowing through it, it will try to maintain the current flow when the circuit is disconnected. Inductors are also called chokes, reactors, and dynamic reactors.
Electronic components are widely used in computers, mobile phones, televisions, automobiles, medical equipment and other fields. They play a variety of roles in electronic circuits such as connection, control, transmission and processing.
